尤文纳 - 古代罗马 - 古典文学

John Campbell 12-10-2023
John Campbell

(讽刺作家,罗马,约55-约138 CE)

简介

简介

See_also: 卡图卢斯51翻译

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尤韦纳尔是拉丁文学白银时代的一位罗马诗人,是所有罗马讽刺诗人中最后一位也是最有影响力的一位。 他的尖锐的 "讽刺诗" 可以被解读为对异教罗马的残酷批判,尽管他们夸张的、喜剧性的表达方式使这种假设充其量是值得商榷的。

纪要

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Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis(英文名Juvenal)出生于意大利拉齐奥地区的一个小镇Aquino,是一个富有的自由人(被解放的奴隶)的儿子或养子。 可信的传记资料极为稀少。 一些资料显示他的出生日期为公元55年,其他传统认为他在哈德良死后的一段时间内(公元138年)还活着,但这些由于他没有把自己的作品奉献出来,人们通常认为他没有赞助人,因此可能是独立的富人,尽管有一段时间他似乎也很穷,依赖罗马富人的慈善。

他在军队中成为一名军官,作为在多米蒂安皇帝的行政部门工作的第一步,但当他未能获得晋升时,他变得很沮丧。 大多数传记作者认为他在埃及度过了一段流亡生活,可能是因为他写了一篇讽刺文章,宣称宫廷宠臣在军官的晋升方面有不当的影响,也可能是由于对一名官员的侮辱。目前还不清楚放逐的皇帝是图拉真还是多米蒂安,也不清楚他是在流放中死亡还是在死前被召回罗马(后者似乎最有可能)。

著作

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尤韦纳尔有16首有编号的诗,最后一首未完成或至少保存不全,分为五册。 它们都是罗马的 "讽刺 "体裁,用双音六步法对社会和社会习俗进行广泛的讨论。 第一册,包括 "讽刺诗1-5" 其余的书在不同的时间段出版,估计第五册的出版日期约为公元130年,但确切日期尚不清楚。

See_also: 寓言 - 伊索 - 古希腊 - 古典文学

从技术上讲,尤韦纳尔的诗歌非常精美,结构清晰,充满了表现力,其中声音和节奏模仿并加强了感觉,有许多尖锐的短语和令人难忘的附言。 他的诗歌既抨击了罗马城社会的腐败,也抨击了一般人的愚蠢和残暴,并对所有罗马的代表表现出愤怒的蔑视。例如,《讽刺诗六》有600多行,对罗马妇女的愚蠢、傲慢、残忍和性堕落进行了无情而尖锐的谴责。

尤文纳的 "讽刺诗" 是许多著名格言的来源,包括 "panem et circenses"("面包和马戏",暗示这些都是老百姓感兴趣的)、"mens sana in corpore sano"("健全的身体里有健全的头脑")、"rara avis"("稀有的鸟",指完美的妻子)和 "quis custodiet ipsos custodes?"("谁会自己看守监护人?"或 "谁会看着观察者?")。

讽刺诗体裁的创始人通常被认为是卢西利乌斯(他以尖刻的方式而闻名),贺拉斯和珀西乌斯也是这种风格的著名支持者,但人们普遍认为尤文纳将这种传统推向了顶峰。 然而,他在当时的罗马文学界显然不那么出名,他的作品几乎都没有提到过。事实上,直到西元四世纪末的塞尔维乌斯,尤韦纳尔才得到一些迟来的认可。

主要工程 回到页首

  • "讽刺诗III"
  • "讽刺诗六"
  • "讽刺X"

John Campbell

John Campbell is an accomplished writer and literary enthusiast, known for his deep appreciation and extensive knowledge of classical literature. With a passion for the written word and a particular fascination for the works of ancient Greece and Rome, John has dedicated years to the study and exploration of Classical Tragedy, lyric poetry, new comedy, satire, and epic poetry.Graduating with honors in English Literature from a prestigious university, John's academic background provides him with a strong foundation to critically analyze and interpret these timeless literary creations. His ability to delve into the nuances of Aristotle's Poetics, Sappho's lyrical expressions, Aristophanes' sharp wit, Juvenal's satirical musings, and the sweeping narratives of Homer and Virgil is truly exceptional.John's blog serves as a paramount platform for him to share his insights, observations, and interpretations of these classical masterpieces. Through his meticulous analysis of themes, characters, symbols, and historical context, he brings to life the works of ancient literary giants, making them accessible to readers of all backgrounds and interests.His captivating writing style engages both the minds and hearts of his readers, drawing them into the magical world of classical literature. With each blog post, John skillfully weaves together his scholarly understanding with a deeplypersonal connection to these texts, making them relatable and relevant to the contemporary world.Recognized as an authority in his field, John has contributed articles and essays to several prestigious literary journals and publications. His expertise in classical literature has also made him a sought-after speaker at various academic conferences and literary events.Through his eloquent prose and ardent enthusiasm, John Campbell is determined to revive and celebrate the timeless beauty and profound significance of classical literature. Whether you are a dedicated scholar or simply a curious reader seeking to explore the world of Oedipus, Sappho's love poems, Menander's witty plays, or the heroic tales of Achilles, John's blog promises to be an invaluable resource that will educate, inspire, and ignite a lifelong love for the classics.